Quasar Or Quasi-Stellar Object

A quasar (also known as a QSO or quasi-stellar object) is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus. Most large galaxies contain a supermassive central black hole with mass ranging from millions to billions of Solar masses.
In quasars and other types of AGN, the black hole is surrounded by a gaseous accretion disk.

As gas in the accretion disk falls toward the black hole, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation can be observed across the electromagnetic spectrum at radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray, and gamma wavelengths. The power radiated by quasars is enormous: the most powerful quasars have luminosities exceeding 10^41 watts, thousands of times greater than an ordinary large galaxy such as the Milky Way.

The term "quasar" originated as a contraction of quasi-stellar [star-like] radio source, because quasars were first identified during the 1950s as sources of radio-wave emission of unknown physical origin, and when identified in photographic images at visible wavelengths they resembled faint star-like points of light. High-resolution images of quasars, particularly from the Hubble Space Telescope, have demonstrated that quasars occur in the centers of galaxies, and that some quasar host galaxies are strongly interacting or merging galaxies.

Bellatrix - The Blue Super Giant!

Bellatrix - The Blue Super Giant!

Bellatrix, also designated Gamma Orionis is the third-brightest star in the constellation of Orion, 5° west of the red giant Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse).
Just between the first and second magnitude and slightly variable, it is about the 25th-brightest star in the night sky.

Sun's Comparison With Bellatrix

Bellatrix is a massive star with about 8.6 times the Sun's mass. It has an estimated age of approximately 25 million years—old enough for a star of this mass to consume the hydrogen at its core and begin to evolve away from the main sequence into a giant star. The effective temperature of the outer envelope of this star is 22000 K, which is considerably hotter than the 5,778 K on the Sun. This high temperature gives this star the blue-white hue that occurs with B-type stars. The measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is 0.72±0.04 mas. At an estimated distance of 250 light-years, this yields a physical size of about six times the radius of the Sun.

The Sun Reverses its Magnetic Poles

This visualization shows the position of the sun's magnetic fields from January 1997 to December 2013. The field lines swarm with activity: The magenta lines show where the sun's overall field is negative and the green lines show where it is positive. A region with more electrons is negative, the region with less is labeled positive. Additional gray lines represent areas of local magnetic variation.

The entire sun's magnetic polarity, flips approximately every 11 years -- though sometimes it takes quite a bit longer -- and defines what's known as the solar cycle. The visualization shows how in 1997, the sun shows the positive polarity on the top, and the negative polarity on the bottom. Over the next 12 years, each set of lines is seen to creep toward the opposite pole eventually showing a complete flip. By the end of the movie, each set of lines are working their way back to show a positive polarity on the top to complete the full 22 year magnetic solar cycle.

At the height of each magnetic flip, the sun goes through periods of more solar activity, during which there are more sunspots, and more eruptive events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, or CMEs. The point in time with the most sunspots is called solar maximum.

Credit: NASA/GSFC/PFSS

The Paradox Of Dark Matter

It has long been observed for years that many regional stars of our galaxy have velocities orbit around its center, much larger than the escape velocity and nevertheless remain in orbit.

This led to the conclusion that there is somewhere invisible matter, at least ten times from the known, which causes an increase of gravity needed to keep the stars in their orbit.

The so material looking exists and is located in the nuclei of all celestial bodies (stars, planets, and satellites), but also in the centers of galaxies, to form solid material similar to that of neutron stars, with densities reaching  ρ = 10^15 gr / cm^3.

Dark matter therefore we are looking for, is 1,465 * 10^12 times greater than the current matter of the universe, as calculated in the previous article on the earth, something of course that applies to all celestial bodies, galaxies and the universe.

So if the centers of galaxies have the density neutron star and perhaps the black hole density in the nuclei of their centers, it is possible to maintain the speed and position of regional stars.

Source : NEW COSMOS

By George Georgitzikis

The Paradox Of The Great Acceleration Of Gravity On The Surface Of A Neutron Star

In a neutron star with mass Mns = 1,4MS (MS = Solar mass) and radius Rns = 10 Km, the acceleration of gravity at the surface, of which comply with existing theory, is:

This means a body that performs free fall on the surface will change its speed during
      ΔU = 1,85859 ∙ 10 ^ 12 m / s
at every second.
This speed but is much greater than the speed of light
       C = 300000 Km / s = 3 ∙ 10 ^ 8 m / s
       ΔU / C = 6000
But nothing can move with greater speed of light and here we see the weakness of the existing theory.

CALCULATION THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY ON THE SURFACE OF A NEUTRON STAR WITH THE USE THE NEW WORLD  CONSTANT OF GRAVITY GN.

In a neutron star with mass Mns = 1,4MS  and radius Rns = 10 Km, the acceleration of gravity at the surface gns, will comply with the


So that is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the above neutron star and as shown is smaller than the Earth by 7.74 times.
Let us not forget that the Earth has as its core a neutron star with a radius of 1278 Km.

In a neutron star with mass Mns = 1,4MS  and radius Rns = 10 Km, the acceleration of gravity at the surface gns, will comply with the new GN

So that is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the above neutron star and as shown is smaller than the Earth by 7.74 times.
Let us not forget that the Earth has as its core a neutron star with a radius of 1278 Km.

​So we see that the current world today gravitational constant

It can not be applied to the surface of a neutron star. So if we accept the existence of neutron stars as existent heavenly bodies according to the observations of astrophysical, then we need to look for a new global gravitational constant that applies to the entire universe.
The new universal constant of gravitation proposed here

believe that satisfies this condition.



Source : NEW COSMOS
By George Georgitzikis